[Inquiry] Re: Grounds And Respects

[Jon Awbrey]

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GAR.  Note 2

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| We may or we may not combine what we call words, expressions, and phrases.
| Combine them;  you have propositions -- for instance, "man runs" or "man wins" --
| while examples of uncombined forms are "man", "ox", "runs", and "wins", and the like.
|
| But as for the things that are 'meant', when we thus speak of uncombined
| words, you can predicate some of a subject, but they never are present
| in one.  You can predicate "man", for example, of this or that man as
| the subject, but man is not found in a subject.  By "in", "present",
| "found in a subject" I do not mean present or found as its parts are
| contained in a whole;  I mean that it cannot exist as apart from the
| subject referred to.  And then there is that class of things which
| are present or found in a subject, although they cannot be asserted
| of any known subject whatever.  A piece of grammatical knowledge is
| there in the mind as a subject but cannot be predicated of any known
| subject whatever.  Again, a particular whiteness is present or found
| in a body (all colour implies some such basis as what we intend by
| "a body") but cannot itself be asserted of any known subject whatever.
| We find there are some things, moreover, not only affirmed of a subject
| but present also in a subject.  Thus knowledge, for instance, while present
| in this or that mind as a subject, is also asserted of grammar.  There is,
| finally, that class of things which can neither be found in a subject nor
| yet asserted of one -- this or that man or horse, for example.  For nothing
| of that kind is in or is ever affirmed of a subject.  More generally speaking,
| indeed, we can never affirm of a subject what is in its nature individual and
| also numerically one.  Yet in some cases nothing prevents its being 'present'
| or 'found in' a subject.  Thus a piece of grammatical knowledge is present,
| as we said, in a mind.
|
| Aristotle, Categories, 2. 1a.16-1b.8
|
| Aristotle, "The Categories", Harold P. Cooke (trans.),
| pp. 12-109 in 'Aristotle, Volume 1', Loeb Classics,
| William Heinemann Ltd, London, UK, 1938.

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